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Advanced Marksmanship Precision Rifle Marksmanship - Breathing

Thank u. I am picking up helpful techniques to fine tune my shooting. U seem to be very gifted at explaining complex things so mongoloids like me can understand. Thank u
 
Breathing control was at an earlier time seen as a fundamental to good shooting. Today, the science of good shooting suggests leaving the topic alone, that's to say, a novice shooter should not be made conscious of the concept. Once conscious of breathing, the novice shooter will not execute the firing tasks without thinking about breathing and thus will not shoot during the natural breathing pause. In fact, today's modern military curriculums list only five factors for a steady position: elbows, non firing hand, grip, butt to shoulder, and stockweld. No longer is breathing among those factors.

Also, an unqualified coach may misdiagnose shooter/target error, attributing vertical grouping to breathing when in fact such errors likely have nothing to do with breathing.

My own experience with students suggests better results from the aspiring marksman are possible when the student is not made conscious of breathing. This student will always shoot during his natural breathing pause, while a student who is introduced to the concept of natural breathing pause will be distracted by it, so much so as to abandon thought about what is most important: sight alignment and trigger control.

For rattle battle type shooting, physical conditioning and concentration on the task will provide relief from consciousness for breathing.

I enjoyed the article, very well written, as much as I know, it would not be challenged by experts on the matter. I think the audience for this article would be coaches rather than students. Sometimes the student can be just overwhelmed by it all; and, therefore, just explaining what to do without adding information about why it is important may be more effective.

Not for this thread, but for another, breathing for cadence and to releave nervousness may be a technique which is worth being conscious of, but I typically will not introduce these techniques in any training associated with basic marksmanship unless nervousness seems to be the cause of shooter error, like prohibiting the shooter's ability to concentrate on the principles.
 
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Thanks for your contribution Sterling. You have a very unique viewpoint indeed. One that I'll have to think about a bit.

It is often very easy to overwhelm a shooter, but at the same time, the basis of my entire instructional technique is overcoming those weaknesses early on. Kind of like teaching someone to swim by throwing them into the deep end of the pool. :) I'll be there to stop them from drowning, but the struggle will let them discover just how much their body will do automatically if they simply get out of the way. This self-realization and "aha!" moments are what I'm after as an instructor. By completely explaining the how and why of it, it empowers them to take it as far as they want to take it. After all, information is power. Self discovery carries with it the reward of a feeling of accomplishment. This usually produces some very positive results. As I mentioned in the article on firing position, you can read the article, but the "aha!" moment won't come until the technique has been practiced repeatedly and becomes comfortable.

If students are not made aware of breathing, and what it does to their bodies, then I would not be able to talk about relaxation techniques and the deeply mental aspect of our bodies breathing cycle. One of the first things you learn in any martial art is breathing technique. You must breathe correctly in order to perform the techniques correctly. I view operating a precision rifle in the very same way.
 
I am appreciating the instructional write-ups. I know that nothing replaces direct coaching and personal instruction and practice, but in between those times, it helps to continue learning and refreshing what you should know.

Thanks.
 
Thanks for writing and sharing these articles, orkan. Very well done, and much appreciated.

Sterling Shooter said:
In fact, today's modern military curriculums list only five factors for a steady position: elbows, non firing hand, grip, butt to shoulder, and stockweld. No longer is breathing among those factors.
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I would never expect breathing to be listed with anatomical positioning. It belongs with fundamental concepts or processes, such as sight alignment, sight picture, natural point of aim, trigger control and follow through.

That said, it stands to reason that a student will figure out soon enough to stop breathing while aiming and breaking the shot. Personally, I still think it's a good idea to mention it in training. BRASS, and all that.
 
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M40_A1 said:
Thanks for writing and sharing these articles, orkan. Very well done, and much appreciated.



I would never expect breathing to be listed with anatomical positioning. It belongs with fundamental concepts or processes, such as sight alignment, sight picture, natural point of aim, trigger control and follow through.

That said, it stands to reason that a student will figure out soon enough to stop breathing while aiming and breaking the shot. Personally, I still think it's a good idea to mention it in training. BRASS, and all that.
Click to expand...

Today's basic marksmanship training breaks it apart into principles: sight alignment and trigger control; and, the elements and factors of a steady position. In this teaching process breathing was initially listed as 1 of 6 factors contributing to a steady position: elbows, non firing hand, butt to shoulder, stockweld, grip, and breathing. These factors describe the considerations for making the relationship between shooter, gun, and ground consistent. Now, breathing is no longer on this list as it does not need to be considered for a steady position. That's not to say that breathing is not important, it is; but, since the brain commands the shooter to shoot during the natural respiratory pause there is no need to present the concept.

BRASS is too vague for a novice shooter to get off to a good start. In fact a novice shooter who has enough intelligence to understand the meaning of the acronym as well as have the good sense to follow instructions may still not learn basic marksmanship. In other words BRASS is not very effective or efficient as an aid to understanding what's important to good shooting.

A student that gets at all hung up on breathing will fall behind and have difficulty with all aspects of what's important to good shooting. He will not easily dismiss the concept once becoming aware of his breathing. That's why the concept is best left alone. I remember my first HP tournament. I shot a 196 rapid sitting. The match director told me to watch my breathing for a better score. I did and it was a disaster. I then had to un learn what the match director had implanted in my brain. It was a big set back, as un-learning bad instruction is more time consuming and difficult than starting out right from proper instruction. It's why I always suggest to novice shooters coming to this forum for advice that they seek out a HIGHLY QUALIFIED coach or mentor. Getting instruction from a coach at an M1 Garand Clinic is a good way to start out.
 
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Sterling, I think if you were to sit through one of our training classes, you'd see why the way we present it here, is not a negative at all. Point in fact, it is one of the most frequent praises we get. Unfortunately it was outside the scope of this article to properly explain all of the mechanisms at play here.

Your comments seem to stem from the act of "concentrating" on breathing, when point in fact, this entire technique is designed to turn breathing behind a rifle over to our subconscious mind completely. It becomes a truly automatic act. It is a huge aspect of the overall technique, and leaving it unaddressed would remove a large portion of the courseware.

Have you studied any martial arts? I'm not aware of any serious martial art that does not address breathing technique. The breathing is more for your mind, than your body. Nearly every single student we've trained has commented specifically on our breathing techniques as being one of the most positive experiences of their training career. I do very much respect your opinion on this matter, as your experiences mirrors my own about 8 years ago. I used to believe just as you believe, in that breathing should be ignored. It was not until I spent tremendous time and effort breaking down each core shooting fundamental into it's core components that I discovered I was missing a huge piece of the puzzle. It was then that I begin studying mind relaxation and breathing techniques. I would be remiss if I did not say that those things, above all others, impacted my precision, accuracy, and most importantly, consistency... more than any other aspect of my training regimen.

I find that without instructing shooters in regard to breathing, they will plateau at a lower level, and struggle to reach the next plateau. Though, I am known for challenging students to push out of their comfort zone. :)
 
I have noticed the opposite with new shooters actually holding their breath as opposed to naturally shooting during their respiratory pause. I believe it may be due to trying to anticipate the recoil.
 
Great article. I also enjoyed some of the other articles on your site. I had not come across your site until now and I think it is a great resources for new and experienced shooters alike. Keep up the good work.
 
Sterling...(and I know you know your stuff)

There's more to breath control than respiratory pause. Respiratory pause usually comes naturally once a student notices the sights move while breathing. As stated, some try to hold a full breath, and that needs to addressed. But, more importantly, students should be taught TO breathe! Without instruction, a new shooter may not be aware of the negative side effects of NOT breathing if the shot does not break within a reasonable amount of time. Vision blur and tremors may go unnoticed, especially by new shooters, unless told to breathe, and why, and that they need to be willing to start the process over (and over, and over, if necessary) to get off the perfect shot.

On the flip side, I understand what you're saying. But, there's a difference between concentrating on something and being aware of it. Breathing should not be taught as something to concentrate on, like sight picture/alignment, but I think it's a travesty not to make students aware of proper breath control, and the why of it. With proper instruction, breath control becomes automatic almost immediately. It really takes no real concentration. But, the student needs to be aware of the sensation of when to stop the process and start over, and why.

It's almost as though breath control somehow ended up on the wrong list, and then got thrown out all together once it dawned on them that it didn't "fit" with the other elements in the "list". Too bad, IMO.
 
Sterling is right, breathing is over stated in fundamentals, You cant shoot and breath at the same time. New or old shooter's alike stop breathing when the pull the trigger.

Yes there are places in the breathing cycle where the natural pause is longer. We all know that's at the bottom of the breathing cycle.

You take that into account when your getting your natural point of aim. With the proper position and sight alignment the sights should be lined up perfectly at the bottom of the breathing circle.

Just tell new shooters to aim at the target, breath and watch the sight go up and down. They should be down at the end of the breathing cycle, You breath in, the sights rise, you breath out the sights settle back on target. Here will be the longest pause in your breathing. You DON'T hold your breath. If the shot isn't taken wait until the end of next cycle.

Don't get new shooters thinking about breathing. If they're thinking about breathing they are not thinking about sight alignment or trigger control.

My best position is high power is setting rapid and I shoot the strings fairly fast. One year while shooting the Wilson Matches, (National Guard Championships) I shot the first string at my normal cadence. My scorer says Damn that was fast, don't you breath. I shot the string in about 45 seconds (10 shots with a mag change and checking the scope while changing mags) for got exacted but I believe I shot a 98 or 99. Anyway, I couldn't answer. I told him I didn't know how or if I was breathing. Must have been but couldn't tell for sure.

So for the next string I decided I was gonna see how I breathed. Worse setting rapid fire I ever shot in my life. Told the guy I don't care how or if I breath. If I think about it I'm not gonna shoot worth a shit anyway.

In short, I'd listen to Sterling Silver when it comes to breathing.
 
I thought I had explained things adequately enough in this article... but it's quite clear that my message is not being received by some in the manner intended. Things are being inferred and assumed, which are outside the scope of this article. I'll have to go back to the drawing board. One of these day's I'll learn how to write!

For those of you that are receiving me at full wavelength... I have 2 extra copies of Let Every Breath... on my desk. If you'd like one, send me a PM indicating so and I'll send them out to you. Just include your shipping information and I'll fire them out at no expense. First 2 in my inbox get one.
 
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Orkan,

It is nice to read your writings following along and understanding what you are presenting. Gleaning another way to present information one thinks they know already, at times, is the best form of instruction. Instructing new shooters on fundamentals and principles with leaving out breath control makes no sense to me. I would even suggest in a front support prone position, that teaching both natural repertory pause along with learning to force all your air out and feeling your pelvis ground down has merit for shooters to understand and see which works better for them or learn when either can be used.

For the High Power postings here, Precision rifle and High Power rifle do have some common fundamentals but are also different on many levels. Attempting to cross every principle over fails. But what do I know...Coached my son and at 16 he legged out with 36 points at Camp Perry with a silver medal. Holds a Springfield M1A junior national record and as a young Lcpl took high service with the M1A. Yeah Dads proud and Dad runs bolt rifles by choice.
 
Just a footnote, a shooter who is compelled to hold his breath is doing it to maintain aim just like the shooter compelled to muscle the rifle to maintain aim. With an understanding for how to build a steady position by proper integration of muscular relaxation, bone/artificial support, and NPA such compulsions will be abandoned.

Once again, I think the article is well written, and factual. I don't see it needs any editing.
 
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"Deflate Your Air Bladder's-Just before making contact with the recoil pad on your rifle, ensure all of the air is out of your lungs".

I was just wondering what the reason behind this is?
 
The reason was revealed in this article:
Primal Rights ? Primal Rights -- Precision Rifle Marksmanship - Breathing

As I instructed in the previous article on the zero force firing position, you were to attach yourself to the rifle when all the air had been released from your lungs. This is where that becomes important. If you attach yourself to the rifle at the natural respiratory pause, then you effectively have synchronized the moment when you will be at your most relaxed state with your reticles most upward position on the target.
Click to expand...
 
"Deflate Your Air Bladder's-Just before making contact with the recoil pad on your rifle, ensure all of the air is out of your lungs".

I was just wondering what the reason behind this is?
Click to expand...

You breath naturally, don't attempt to totally expire all the air in your lungs. As you set there reading this, concentrate on your breathing, your normal breathing. You breath in, you breath out. Now see at which point in your breathing cycle is the longest pause.

That would be as you naturally expel air prior to taking the next breath. That is when you shoot, don't force it, if you cant get the shot off breath again.

With a proper position you should have your natural point of aim at the bottom of the breathing cycle. This is your most relaxed condition, therefore there will be no muscling and follow through will take care of itself, because as the shot breaks, you naturally want to fall back into that total relaxed state, you're already there.
 
KraigWY before making contact with the recoil pad on your rifle do you ensure all the air is out of your lungs?
 
Barn Side said:
KraigWY before making contact with the recoil pad on your rifle do you ensure all the air is out of your lungs?
Click to expand...
More confusion... I can see how what I described could be construed as forcing all the air out of your lungs. That is not what it was meant to convey.

Making contact at the natural respiratory pause is what you are going for there.
 
Your articles make perfect sense to me. Don't change a dang thing! I look forward to more and adds them to my notebook to pass on to my 4 sons when they come of age
 
Another great contribution from you orkan. The action illustrations were spot on. Your explanations of natural breathing cycle was eloquent. Thanks for all your contributions to this sport. I find your articles and videos very informative and recommend them to others! Your writing style is great! Looking forward to your new contributions. Have a healthy and prosperous year!
 
Barn Side said:
KraigWY before making contact with the recoil pad on your rifle do you ensure all the air is out of your lungs?
Click to expand...

I breath, I don't force air out of my lungs. I breath naturally. Breathing while shooting is not different then breathing while walking, setting, driving a truck. I just breath. Sometimes a little faster then others but I breath.

Lets say I'm going to shoot prone, (but its the same for all positions). I drop into position, being a right handed shooter I tend to fall on my left side and roll a tad to my right as I bring the stock to my shoulder and put my face on the stock.

I look at the target through the sights, if its right or left of my I pivot on my belt bucket until I'm lined up windage wise. Now as I breath NORMALLY, I observe my sights elevation wise. As I breath in and out, I see that the rifle is raising up and down through the target. I adjust my elevation by sliding my left or support hand back and forth under the stock until I have my perfect NPA at the bottom of my breathing cycle. I have the position adjusted that at the bottom of this breathing cycle the rifle doesn't drop any lower, it will raise up as I breath in, but it wont go lower then it will be at the longest pause of my breathing cycle, which is just before I take in air again.

As one naturally breaths the body is normally at its most relaxed state at the end of this breathing cycle, do I don't have to worry about holding the rifle during follow through. That is done automatically and at a point where the rifle stays lined up on my NPA, meaning zero muscling.

Because I'm breathing naturally, I don't have to concentrate or think about breathing, no more then I think about breathing when I'm watching TV reading or driving down the road.

This process really helps in rapid fire, once set the rifle is going to raise up and down with your breath, and as you drop down to your natural point of aim, during the bottom of the breathing cycle, you let the hammer fall, during recoil (if your shooting a gas gun) you're breathing in and out and should be out as you recover from recoil and again at the bottom of the cycle (the natural pause) you're back to your NPA, and drop the hammer again. You don't really have to think about it, because everything stops automatically and you have your NPA at the same time.

If you're shooting slower, you may or not get the shot off during the relaxed state, then don't shoot, keep breathing and catch the next point of you cycle.

Many will say this doesn't work if under stress or when winded. I disagree, you breath anyway, though you will be breathing faster, which also means you can shoot faster. A good example is shooting an Infantry Trophy match. You start out running two miles, then go to the line and you have 50 seconds to shoot as many rounds as possible. You are going to be breathing faster unless you are a machine.

Same thing while hunting. You climb a ridge, see your critter and you may or may not have a lot of time, plus you are out of breath (or at least I am) after climbing the ridge, you're going to be breathing faster. Don't worry about it, it may take a couple breaths before you are ready to shoot, but you still shoot at the bottom of the breathing which is going to be at the longest pause in natural breathing.

I hate the term "expel your breath" that indicates a conscience effort to force the air out of you lungs. That's not what we want, we want natural, we want to be relaxed.

I know I'm not making myself clear, this is why I like one on one coaching. Easier to show instead of telling it. Plus the whole process takes a heck of a lot less time doing then telling about it.

One should be able to start standing, drop in position, drop the bolt, get the elevation set, fire two rounds, check the spotting scope to see the bullet holes while loading the second mag, Make corrections or sight adjustments and fire the second mag of 8 rounds, cleaning the 200 yard rapid fire target, in about 45 seconds. Or I did any way when I was really heavy into High Power. Sight alignment will get you before your breathing does.
 
A lot of parallels being drawn between high power competition and prone with front and rear support. I wish there weren't, as they are quite different in a great many respects.
 
Thanks, guys, for your posts. Orkan, thanks for the article. It is helping me put together some things in my own shooting method. I have struggled with my breathing, and now I think I start to understand why. Kraig, thanks for your posts too.

I think I can see what Sterling is saying, but I get Orkan's point of view also.

I struggled with breathing, I struggled with muscle tension, I struggled with NPA. Having fought with all these things (and lost), I started to realize it is all in finding the most relaxed position for breaking the shot. Not sure I am saying it right, but catching on that the more relaxed I am when breaking the shot, the more accurately repeatable the shot will be. This article and the discussion it engendered has helped me to put the pieces together, and given me a reference to work from. I am eager to place these principles into practice and see the results at the range.
 
I've often wondered what would happen if we were able to get those of us very serious about shooting technique and form all together in the same spot for about a week. I wonder what breakthrough's, if any, could be discovered.
 
For what it is worth, the USAMU has a Service Rifle Marksmanship Guide which is available from the CMP. This guide covers everything known to be important to getting a good hit to any distance the bullet can get to nose-on. If any here want a comprehensive understanding for how to do it this guide is money well spent. The only thing better would be to add an M1 Clinic or Small Arms Firing School into the instruction.

Although Kraig alluded in his last post to not saying it very well, I don't think he could have said it better. Kraig knows how to do it and how to teach it.

Orkan's suggestion on getting trainers together to produce more intuitive instruction is what I like to see more of. I know I do not know everything and I'm certain I could do better with more schooing on coaching.
 
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I've often wondered what would happen if we were able to get those of us very serious about shooting technique and form all together in the same spot for about a week. I wonder what breakthrough's, if any, could be discovered.
Click to expand...

I think if that would happen, the "breakthough" you elude to would be that "nothing has change" but us, we got away from fundamentals by trying to rely on hardware, not software.

I think we'd find that the methods taught by Col. Macab during and after WWI covers all that we are trying to accomplish today. Which by the way is pretty much the same POI used in the Small Arms Firing Schools the CMP/AMU have been conducting since 1920 at the Nationals and other major matches through out the country. (only it was the DCM back then.

Macnab didn't change the system of shooting (or fundamentals) he just changed the method of instruction.
 
If anything were to come away from it, people would need to be of the mind that something new could come from it. If we are of the mind that everything's already been discovered, there will be no innovation. This is the mindset I have kept when working on this for the last 10 years or so.
 
Everything important to good shooting is known. Breaking it down: the bullet will always go in the direction the barrel is pointed, meaning to hit the target it is important to point the rifle with consistent sight alignment and pull the trigger without moving the rifle. Everything else supports these two firing tasks. The everything else is about building a steady position. As Kraig alluded this stuff was known shortly after the invention of rifling.

Teaching it all is another matter. As I see it, one of the best at it today has got to be USAMU Service Rifle Team Coach, Emil Praslic. Having had some instruction from him many years ago while taking the SDM Instructor class, I recognized his brilliance, making marksmanship theory understandable with brevity. At any rate, I'm all for better ways to teach it.
 
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Sterling Shooter said:
Everything important to good shooting is known.
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I strongly disagree with this statement. Not only in context, but from an ideological standpoint.

Thinking we already know, ensures no possibility of innovation. This is true of everything. The only way I've been able to break through plateau's in my own life, upon which I seemed hopelessly stuck, was to realize I don'tknow anything. I would begin to question everything. It was in those moments that I was able to innovate. Failure can usually be traced back to inadequate mindset or lack of perspective. Success can often be traced back to proper mindset and enhanced perspective.

 
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Since a really good marksman can realize the literal meaning for a zero, where there is no measurable distance from point of aim and point of impact, suggests that such a shooter does indeed know everything that is important to good shooting since there can be no better outcome than a perfect outcome. Again, the facts of marksmanship have been known since the invention of rifling, which made marksmanship possible. Getting the best shooters on the planet together would not lead to any discovery or revelations about marksmanship. Take a look at what David Tubb concentrates on: bullets, barrels, actions, and stocks, That is the arena where discovery is being made, not basic marksmanship. We still need to know how to make bullets, barrels, and ammunition more consistent since these things are not yet perfect. We already know how to make the shooter consistent through muscle memory development and practice.
 
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Sterling Shooter said:
where there is no measurable distance from point of aim and point of impact
Click to expand...
Unless you are aware of someone that does this with every press of the trigger, I am of the mind that there is room for improvement in more areas than the mechanical device we're holding onto.

Refusal to acknowledge the possibility of the unknown as it pertains to shooting fundamentals is outside of my scope of thinking. That mindset will most certainly result in the unknown never being discovered. I do not subscribe to refusal of the possible, and I absolutely subscribe to the fact that anything is possible.

I'll say again, the freeing of my own mind has had the most direct improvement on my shooting, than any other one thing. You say you are all for "better ways to teach it." Teaching people to shoot for themselves, free of the confines and limitations of others, has helped more people I've worked with than any other aspect of what we teach.
 
The way we move forward is to learn about something useful that we don't already know about. We go from 1st grade to second grade, and so on. And when we learn how to do it we move on to something that we do not know how to do, by choice or necessity. Although most "shooters" can not comprehend the literal definition of a zero; nevertheless, most any aspiring marksman recognizes the need to make the position consistent from shot to shot; and, with practice, such a marksman will learn how to make the position consistent from the knowledge base that is out there now that shows the shooter how to do it. That's to say, while there may be room for improvement in the manner a shooter executes the firing tasks, the how-to-do-it is settled science.

One more thing, the record of the USAMU's Service Rifle Team suggests that the way they teach and what they teach works. Just the facts, do this to get that. It really is not rocket science, and while not everyone can learn how to play a piano, I believe most any who have an I.Q. over 77 can learn how to shoot with what is already known about the matter. We are not failing for lack of knowledge.
 
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If you accept the fact that the bullet will ALWAYS go in the direction the barrel is pointed then you have accepted all the science there is to it. If you do not accept the fact that the bullet always goes in the direction the barrel is pointed then you do not accept that the bullet path is a definitive and uniform arc, which allows the concept of marksmanship to exist.
 
I think it might be easier if we look at shooting in two parts. Hardware and software.

Hardware being just that, hardware, rifle, barrel, trigger, ammo, etc. etc. There is always the possibility to improve on hardware as science progresses and new ways to match materials.

Software is the fundamentals of marksmanship. That in reality doesn't change, Sight alignment is sight alignment. Trigger control is trigger control. Breathing, Natural point of aim, etc. is still needed.

What we can change about the software is to understand the software and put it to use, practicing proper fundamentals until we reach the point of we can accomplish the task without thinking.

We all call it muscle memory, even though that is not a correct term because muscles cant think, therefore they cant remember. But its a term we all accept meaning unconscious effort.

We should strive to the best of our knowledge (and financial abilities) to improve on hardware.

We should also strive to "learn" existing software to the best of our abilities, and willingness to practice those fundamentals that haven't changed. We can only change soft ware by adding more hardware, not the soft ware its self. An example of this would be comparing the Mann Accuracy Device with the Standing or Offhand position. You can improve accuracy, but not fundamentals. All you do is allow the hardware (the Mann Device) apply the software (fundamentals) for you. But they are still fundamentals.
 
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First & Foremost, very interesting discussion, thanks to everyone for their input.

Not trying to sidetrack this from the breathing article, but since it has drifted into fundamentals and gear discussion,

My favorite analogy is "Golf", if someone wants to take a couple of strokes off of the scorecard, then it is usually about buying better gear, and not so much about improving skills. Obvious reality, the gear is usually not the limiting factor.

I like the "Hardware & Software" analogy, though I might call it "Hardware & Vaporware", because the skill set can be much more difficult to deal with and get a real handle on.

Personally, I still think that there is plenty to be learned in both aspects of Hardware & Software.

Per Sterling's comments on Hardware, why is it still a trial and error process to find the optimal load for a rifle? If we really understand the Hardware, why does it always seem to be that each rifle has its own "personality", and why will one rifle shoot a given load into a single ragged hole and the next rifle which appears to be identically built will not?

While the BRM principles seem to be pretty set in stone, when you start getting into the work of folks like:
Lanny Bassham - Mental Management Systems ? The Mental Training System the Pros Use.
Miller & Cunnigham - Secrets of Mental Marksmanship: How to Fire Perfect Shots: Linda K. Miller, Keith Cunningham: 9781581607215: Amazon.com: Books
then IMHO the "Software or Vaporware" gets a little more expanded and complicated.

Who knows, maybe 90%-95% of what is really needed is known, but as the saying goes, "the hardest part is knowing what you don't know".

I am just glad and thankful that so much of it has been identified and shared!
 
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