I have attached a thread data chart from the Machinist Handbook.
I am not second guessing you but I wonder whether you meant a 6-48 or 8-40 thread instead since these would be "typical" sizes for a base. With that said, those would not be standard unified thread sizes so they will not be on the chart that I have attached.
To answer your question about a measurement to determine a 6-40 or 8-40. The major diameter will change very slightly as the thread per inch, (TPI), change. However, there is enough difference in the major diameter between a #6 and a #8 thread to determine the size. A #6 2A will be ≈ 0.137. A #8 2A will be ≈ 0.163.
To determine the TPI, count the number of threads in 1 inch. If there is only 1/4" of threads, count the threads and multiply by 4.
Hope this helps