Re: +P ammo
9mm, 38 Special, and 45 ACP were "invented" before we had modern steels. Through modern metallurgy, we can boost chamber pressures to increase performance in the original "volume" case. Most modern 9/38/45 handguns will handle the higher pressure "+P" loadings, while the older firearms may not (or newer firearms not designed to withstand "+P" loads). Brass for +P loads are headstamped accordingly so they can be identified as higher pressure and not to be loaded in firearms not rated for such. As far as I know, there is no difference in the brass case, just the powder charge ("regular" brass can be loaded to +P pressures with no ill effects).
You will not see "+P" 40 S&W or 357 Sig, for example, because these rounds were originally designed for the higher pressure loads.
"+P" ammunition has SAAMI pressure limits established. Beware of any load designated as "+P+", as there is NO established industry pressure standard for such (could be a bomb waiting to explode in your hand).
Short answer, it's not the case that makes it +P....
Cheers,
Bill
(Edited to add) I chrono'd a bunch of different 9mm ammo when I first got my M&P9 (Owner's manual said it was rated for "+P" loads, and inculded the above warning about "+P+"). Most of it produced between 300-325 ft-lbs of energy. Double-Tap ammo 124 gn +P load produced 410 ft-lbs of energy (and was headstamped +P), which is in the light 357 Magnum territory (compares to the 357Mag 110JHP loading). I don't feel undergunned carrying the 9mm with that Double-tap +P load....