Year(s) | Country | Action | Justification Cited (Human Rights / Democracy) | Outcome |
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1846–1848 | Mexico | Mexican–American War | Claimed to bring liberty/democracy to annexed lands | U.S. seized ~½ of Mexico’s territory |
1898 | Cuba | Spanish–American War | Stop Spanish human rights abuses in Cuba | Spain defeated, U.S. occupied Cuba |
1899–1902 | Philippines | Philippine–American War | “Civilizing mission,” liberating from Spain | Brutal counterinsurgency, U.S. colonial rule |
1953 | Iran | CIA coup (Operation Ajax) | Deposed “authoritarian” Mossadegh | Shah restored, repression worsened |
1954 | Guatemala | CIA coup | Claimed Árbenz was communist threat to democracy | Military dictatorship installed |
1960–65 | Congo (DRC) | Interference in leadership | Prevent authoritarianism/communism | Lumumba killed, Mobutu installed |
1965 | Dominican Republic | U.S. invasion | Claimed to stop dictatorship, protect democracy | U.S. occupation, conservative gov’t |
1973 | Chile | Backed coup against Allende | Prevent authoritarianism, “save democracy” | Pinochet dictatorship (mass repression) |
1983 | Grenada | Invasion | Restore democracy, protect U.S. medical students | Pro-U.S. gov’t installed |
1989 | Panama | Invasion | Remove Noriega, restore democracy, stop abuses | Noriega ousted, heavy civilian casualties |
1991 | Iraq (Kuwait War) | Military campaign | Stop Saddam’s atrocities in Kuwait | Iraq expelled from Kuwait, Saddam remained |
1992–93 | Somalia | “Operation Restore Hope” | Humanitarian famine relief, stop warlords | Failed; U.S. withdrew after Black Hawk Down |
1994 | Haiti | Invasion | Restore elected President Aristide | Aristide reinstated, instability continued |
1995 | Bosnia | NATO/U.S. bombing | Stop ethnic cleansing | Dayton Peace Accords, fragile peace |
1999 | Kosovo (Serbia) | NATO bombing | Stop Serbian ethnic cleansing of Albanians | Kosovo autonomy under UN, eventual independence |
2001–2021 | Afghanistan | Invasion/occupation | Later reframed as defending women’s rights/democracy | Taliban overthrown, later returned to power |
2003 | Iraq | Invasion | Claimed WMDs + Saddam’s human rights abuses | Saddam ousted, massive instability |
2011 | Libya | NATO bombing | Responsibility to Protect (R2P) vs Gaddafi | Gaddafi killed, Libya fragmented |
2011–present | Syria | Support for rebels, strikes | Assad’s human rights abuses cited | War continues, Assad remains |